In a recent internal video memo, Susan McCahan, Vice Provost at the University of Toronto,2 raised a number of questions about the impact of new AI-tools. I am picking up on two central ones: We'll discusses the question of AI assistance here. The question of AI co-authorship is related and we’ll focus on that in the next post; academic integrity and academic misconduct will be covered after that. Let’s clarify first what we are talking about: we’ll use the term submitted work for any work – text, video, audio, performance, or really anything – that a student submits for assessment; assessment here means an evaluation by anyone – lecturers, peers, review boards and committees, even the students themselves – with reference to the educational objectives.